The extensive use of epidemiological surveillance, isolation of infected patients, and quarantines of exposed individuals in the Chinese city of Shenzhen in the early months of the COVID-19 outbreak allowed scientists to estimate important characteristics of this now-pandemic infectious disease, according to a study co-led by researchers at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
The researchers, who published their findings April 27, 2020, in The Lancet Infectious Diseases, analyzed data gathered by the Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention on 391 people with COVID-19—what are referred to as “index cases,” or the first identified cases in an outbreak—and 1,286 of their close contacts, during the 30-day period January 14 to February 12. Shenzhen is a densely populated city of about 13 million people, situated just north of Hong Kong.
The analysis, thought to be the first of its kind in such a well-documented and well-tested set of cases, revealed that the COVID-19 index cases had symptoms for about five days on average before being identified, but that contact tracing and extensive testing reduced this to about three days for infected contacts. Among the contacts, household contacts were at particularly high risk of infection. Children, while less likely to develop severe symptoms, were infected at about the same rate as adults.
“Having data on an early set of infected individuals as well as their contacts allowed us to tackle questions about COVID-19 transmission dynamics that had been hard to answer before,” says study co-senior author Justin Lessler, associate professor in the Bloomberg School’s Department of Epidemiology.
The study was a collaboration between Lessler’s group at the Bloomberg School; Ting Ma, PhD, and colleagues at the Harbin Institute of Technology and Peng Cheng Laboratory in Shenzhen; and Tiejian Feng, MD, of the Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
How an emergent pathogen is transmitted from one individual to the next can be difficult for epidemiologists to assess once community spread has begun since the potential paths of transmission become too complex to trace reliably. By contrast, early in an outbreak, before community spread has started, epidemiologists can much more easily assess transmission dynamics by finding symptomatic people, and then tracing their recent contacts to see who got infected and who didn’t.
Prompted by reports from Hubei Province, where the COVID-19 outbreak appears to have started in the city of Wuhan in late 2019, the Shenzhen CDC in early January began gathering and testing suspected cases in the city: people who had recently traveled from Hubei, people with fevers in local hospitals, and others identified through community fever screening. The public health agency also traced all recent close contacts of suspected cases. Suspected or confirmed cases with symptoms were isolated in local hospitals, and asymptomatic people with test-confirmed exposures were quarantined. For their study, Lessler and colleagues analyzed the data gathered by the Shenzhen CDC from January 14 to February 12.
The researchers found that among the 391 confirmed cases of COVID-19 during this period, men (187 cases) and women (204 cases) were about equally represented, though men were about 2.5 times more likely to show severe symptoms. Children also were about as likely as adults to be infected, though they were less likely to have severe symptoms.
Only about 9 percent of the 391 infected people showed severe symptoms at the time they were first evaluated by doctors. Among the secondary cases discovered by contact tracing, 20 percent reported no symptoms at the time they were first evaluated—suggesting that a significant proportion of coronavirus carriers are “silent carriers,” at least during the early stage of infection. The average age of the 391 infected people was about 45.
The sample of 391 people included subsets for whom the timing of key events was known with high confidence, enabling the researchers to estimate key time intervals for COVID-19. For example, the “incubation period,” from exposure to symptom onset, had an estimated median value of 4.8 days. The median recovery time—the interval from symptom onset to having no symptoms and also testing negative for viral RNA—was 23 days for 60–69 year olds, 22 days for 50–59 year olds, and 19 days for 20–29 year olds.
The “attack rate,” or the proportion of close contacts of a confirmed case that are infected, was 6.6 percent when the researchers assumed that all close contacts were tested and all positive results were recorded. The attack rate was higher—11.2 percent—for household contacts.
The “serial interval,” which approximates the interval between one person’s becoming infected and infecting another, had an average value of 6.3 days.
The researchers also calculated that the “observed reproduction number,” the average number of detected infections caused by each infected person, was just 0.4. That low figure, suggesting a disease that will quickly die out instead of spreading, was likely in part due to the Shenzhen CDC’s efforts to detect and isolate the index cases and their contacts. If the reproductive number remains less than one, infection is not able to spread effectively.
Lessler notes, however, that the 0.4 figure is based only on the known infected contacts. “We don’t have the full picture—there weren’t data on all the unknown contacts of each case, such as the people who rode on buses with them, or passed them on the street,” he says.
Moreover, the researchers found that some infected individuals accounted for many further infections, implying that such superspreaders could relatively easily reignite outbreaks.
“Our analysis suggested that about 80 percent of infections among contacts were caused by just 8.9 percent of our index cases,” says study co-first author Qifang Bi, MHS, a PhD student in the Bloomberg School’s Department of Epidemiology.
These estimates for key COVID-19 intervals and rates will help epidemiologists, pharmaceutical scientists, and public health officials around the world shape their goals and policies to meet the challenge of the pandemic, the researchers say.
“Epidemiology and Transmission of COVID-19 in Shenzhen China: Analysis of 391 cases and 1,286 of their close contacts: a retrospective cohort study” was written by 22 researchers from the Bloomberg School and collaborating institutions.
Reference: “Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study” by Qifang Bi, MHS; Yongsheng Wu, MPhil; Shujiang Mei, MPhil; Chenfei Ye, PhD; Xuan Zou, MPhil; Zhen Zhang, MPhil; Xiaojian Liu, MPhil; Lan Wei, PhD; Shaun A Truelove, PhD; Tong Zhang, PhD; Wei Gao, MPhil; Cong Cheng, MPhil; Xiujuan Tang, MPhil; Xiaoliang Wu, MPhil; Yu Wu, MD; Binbin Sun, MPhil; Suli Huang, MD; Yu Sun, MPhil; Juncen Zhang, BE; Ting Ma, PhD; Justin Lessler, PhD and Tiejian Feng, MPhil, 27 April 2020, The Lancet Infectious Diseases.
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30287-5
The study was supported by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NU2GGH002000), the Emergency Response Program of Harbin Institute of Technology, and the Emergency Response Program of Peng Cheng Laboratory.
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